What does the phrase born again actually mean in the Bible?

What does the phrase “born again” actually mean in the Bible, considering its original context in the conversation between Jesus and Nicodemus in John chapter 3, and how has its interpretation evolved across different Christian denominations and theological viewpoints throughout history, particularly concerning the roles of baptism, personal conversion experiences, and the ongoing process of spiritual growth?

Answer

The phrase "born again" appears primarily in the Gospel of John, chapter 3, during a conversation between Jesus and Nicodemus, a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish ruling council. The original Greek phrase is "γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν" (gennēthē anōthen).

The word "ἄνωθεν" (anōthen) is crucial. It can be translated in two ways:

1. From above: This implies a divine origin, a birth from God.
2. Again: This implies a second birth, a repetition of physical birth.

Nicodemus initially interprets Jesus literally, questioning how an old man can re-enter his mother’s womb to be born again. Jesus clarifies that he is not speaking of a physical rebirth but a spiritual rebirth, a birth "of water and the Spirit" (John 3:5).

Key aspects of being born again:

• Spiritual Transformation: It signifies a radical change in a person’s inner being, a transformation of their spirit. It is not merely an intellectual assent to certain doctrines, but a deep-seated change in disposition and direction.
• New Life in Christ: Being born again is associated with receiving new life in Christ, a life characterized by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit and a turning away from a life dominated by sin.
• Regeneration: The term "regeneration" is often used synonymously with "born again." It refers to the Holy Spirit’s work of renewing a person’s nature, imparting spiritual life and enabling them to live according to God’s will.
• Initiated by God: The process is initiated by God’s grace and mercy, not by human effort or merit. It is God who draws people to himself and empowers them to believe.
• Faith and Repentance: While initiated by God, the born-again experience requires a response of faith in Jesus Christ and repentance from sin. One acknowledges their sinfulness and trusts in Jesus as the savior.
• Entrance into the Kingdom of God: Jesus states that unless one is born again, they cannot see or enter the kingdom of God (John 3:3, 3:5). It’s a prerequisite for experiencing God’s reign and blessings.
• A One-Time Event with Ongoing Implications: While considered a singular event, being born again has continuous implications. The new life in Christ leads to ongoing growth in holiness, obedience, and love. It is the beginning of a lifelong journey of discipleship.
• Effect of the Holy Spirit: Being born again is the direct and immediate work of the Holy Spirit upon the human heart. The Spirit convicts of sin, illuminates the truth of the gospel, and empowers belief and obedience.

In summary, to be born again, in the biblical sense, is to experience a fundamental spiritual transformation initiated by God, through the Holy Spirit, resulting in a new life in Christ, marked by faith, repentance, and a desire to live according to God’s will.